to hook up 2 telephones. It worked perfectly over a few meters. On the same telephone cable over 100 meters - this fails. Should I increase the voltage?
A telephone exchange applies current-limited 50V to each telephone. It does not connect two telephones in series and does not use a 9V battery in series. You found a horrible Mickey-Mouse circuit.
The phone system floats around 40V on hook, and drops to about 10-12V off hook. You need more voltage and probably a bit more current then a 9V can provide.